5, 6-d2 uridine nucleoside/tide derivatives

ABSTRACT

In one aspect, the invention provides compounds represented by Formula I, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, stereoisomers, tautomers, solvates, and combinations thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and the use of these compounds for treating a viral infection in a subject.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/759,555, filed on Feb. 1, 2013. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful as antiviral and antiproliferative agents. Specifically, the present invention relates to 5,6-d₂ uridine nucleoside/tide derivatives and methods for their preparation and use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Infection with HCV is a major cause of human liver disease throughout the world. In the US, an estimated 4.5 million Americans are chronically infected with HCV. Although only 30% of acute infections are symptomatic, greater than 85% of infected individuals develop chronic, persistent infection. Treatment costs for HCV infection have been estimated at $5.46 billion for the US in 1997. Worldwide over 200 million people are estimated to be infected chronically. HCV infection is responsible for 40-60% of all chronic liver diseases and 30% of all liver transplants. Chronic HCV infection accounts for 30% of all cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and liver cancer in the U.S. The CDC estimates that the number of deaths due to HCV will minimally increase to 38,000/year by the year 2010.

Due to the high degree of variability in the viral surface antigens, existence of multiple viral genotypes, and demonstrated specificity of immunity, the development of a successful vaccine in the near future is unlikely. There are considerable barriers to the development of anti-HCV therapeutics, which include, but are not limited to, the persistence of the virus, the genetic diversity of the virus during replication in the host, the high incident rate of the virus developing drug-resistant mutants, and the lack of reproducible infectious culture systems and small-animal models for HCV replication and pathogenesis. In a majority of cases, given the mild course of the infection and the complex biology of the liver, careful consideration must be given to antiviral drugs, which are likely to have significant side effects.

First identified by molecular cloning in 1989 (Choo, Q-L et al (1989) Science 244:359-362), HCV is now widely accepted as the most common causative agent of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) (Kuo, G et al (1989) Science 244:362-364). Due to its genome structure and sequence homology, this virus was assigned as a new genus in the Flaviviridae family. Like the other members of the Flaviviridae, such as flaviviruses (e.g. yellow fever virus and Dengue virus types 1-4) and pestiviruses (e.g. bovine viral diarrhea virus, border disease virus, and classic swine fever virus) (Choo, Q-L et al (1989) Science 244:359-362; Miller, R. H. and R. H. Purcell (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2057-2061), HCV is an enveloped virus containing a single strand RNA molecule of positive polarity. The HCV genome is approximately 9.6 kilobases (kb) with a long, highly conserved, noncapped 5′ nontranslated region (NTR) of approximately 340 bases which functions as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) (Wang C Y et al.) ‘An RNA pseudoknot is an essential structural element of the internal ribosome entry site located within the hepatitis C virus 5′ noncoding region’ RNA—A Publication of the RNA Society. 1(5): 526-537, 1995 July). This element is followed by a region which encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of ˜3000 amino acids comprising both the structural and nonstructural viral proteins.

Upon entry into the cytoplasm of the cell, this RNA is directly translated into a polypeptide of ˜3000 amino acids comprising both the structural and nonstructural viral proteins. This large polypeptide is subsequently processed into the individual structural and nonstructural proteins by a combination of host and virally-encoded proteinases (Rice, C. M. (1996) in B. N. Fields, D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (eds) Virology 2^(nd) Edition, p 931-960; Raven Press, N.Y.). There are three structural proteins, C, E1 and E2. The P7 protein is of unknown function and is comprised of a highly variable sequence. There are several non-structural proteins. NS2 is a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase that functions in conjunction with a portion of the NS3 protein. NS3 incorporates two catalytic functions (separate from its association with NS2): a serine protease at the N-terminal end, which requires NS4A as a cofactor, and an ATP-ase-dependent helicase function at the carboxyl terminus. NS4A is a tightly associated but non-covalent cofactor of the serine protease. NS5A is a membrane-anchored phosphoprotein that is observed in basally phosphorylated (56 kDa) and hyperphosphorylated (58 kDa) forms. While its function has not fully been elucidated, NS5A is believed to be important in viral replication. The NS5B protein (591 amino acids, 65 kDa) of HCV (Behrens, S. E. et at (1996) EMBO J. 151 2-22), encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity and contains canonical motifs present in other RNA viral polymerases. The NS5B protein is fairly well conserved both intra-typically (˜95-98% amino acid (aa) identity across 1b isolates) and inter-typically (˜85% aa identity between genotype 1a and 1b isolates). The essentiality of the HCV NS5B RdRp activity for the generation of infectious progeny virions has been formally proven in chimpanzees (A. A. Kolykhalov et al., (2000) Journal of Virology, 74(4): 2046-2051). Thus, inhibition of NS5B RdRp activity (inhibition of RNA replication) is predicted to be useful to treat HCV infection.

Current standard of care (SOD) therapy is the combination of peg-interferon-a and ribavirin. However, this therapy is limited in its clinical effectiveness and only ˜50% of genotype 1a patients respond to the therapy. Recent approved NS3 protease inhibitors, Boceprevir and Telaprevir, used in combination with SOC slightly improved effectiveness, but suffered significant side effects, such as rash. Therefore, there is still significant unmet medical need for more effective agents.

Inhibitors of HCV NS5B as potential therapies for HCV infection have been reviewed: S. Tan, A. Pause, Y. Shi, N. Sonenberg, Hepatitis C Therapeutics: Current Status and Emerging Strategies, Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 1, 867-881 (2002). The potential for the emergence of resistant HCV strains and the need to identify compounds with Pan-genotypic coverage supports the continuing efforts to identify novel and more effective nucleosides or nucleotides as HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides compounds represented by Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof:

wherein: D is deuterium; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   1) Hydrogen;     -   2) R₆; where R₆ is selected from the group consisting of:         hydrogen, hydroxy protecting group, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, and         —C(O)NR_(8a)R_(8b); wherein R₇ is selected from the group         consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, substituted or         unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,         substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or         unsubstituted heterocyclic; R_(8a) and R_(8b) are each         independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen         and R₇; or alternatively R_(8a) and R_(8b) taken together with         the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclic         ring;     -   3) —P(O)(OR_(7a))(OR_(7b)); wherein R_(7a) and R_(7b) are each         independently selected from the group consisting of a) hydrogen;         and b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;     -   4) —P(O)(OR_(7a))—O—P(O)(OR_(7b))(OR_(7c)); wherein R_(7a) and         R_(7b) are previously defined; R_(7c) is selected from the group         consisting of a) hydrogen; and b) unsubstituted or substituted         —C₁-C₈ alkyl;     -   5) —P(O)(OR_(7a))—O—P(O)(OR_(7b))—O—P(O)(OR_(7c))(OR_(7d));         wherein R_(7a), R_(7b) and R_(7c) are previously defined; R_(7d)         is selected from the group consisting of a) hydrogen; b)         unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;     -   6)

where X is O or S; R₉ is R₇ wherein R₇ is previously defined; R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen; b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; c) R₁₁ is hydrogen, R₁₂ and R₁₀ taken together with the nitrogen which R₁₀ is attached to form a heterocyclic ring; d) R₁₁ and R₁₂ taken together with the carbon which they are attached form a ring; R₁₃ is hydrogen or R₇, wherein R₇ is previously defined; and

-   -   7)

where X is O or S; n is 1-4; R_(8a) and R_(8b) are as previously defined; R₁₄ is hydrogen or —(CO)—R₇, wherein R₇ is as previously defined;

-   -   8) Or, R₁ and R₃ are taken together to form

where X is O or S; and R₁₅ is selected from the group consisting of a) hydrogen; b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; c) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl; d) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl; e) substituted or unsubstituted aryl; f) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R_(ea) is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   1) hydrogen;     -   2) halogen;     -   3) Substituted or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;     -   4) Substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl; and     -   5) Substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl;         R_(2b) and R₄ are independently selected from the group         consisting of:     -   1) hydrogen;     -   2) halogen;     -   3) —CN;     -   4) —N₃; and     -   5) OR₉;     -   R₉ at each occurrence is selected from the group consisting of:         hydrogen, hydroxy protecting group, R₁₀, —C(O)R₁₀, —C(O)OR₁₀,         and —C(O)NR_(11a)R_(11b); wherein R₁₀ at each occurrence is         independently selected from the group consisting of: substituted         or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic;         R_(11a) and R_(11b) at each occurrence are each independently         selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen and R₁₀; or         alternatively R_(11a) and R_(11b) taken together with the         nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclic         ring;         R₃ is R₆; wherein R₆ is as previously defined;         R_(5a) and R_(5b) are independently selected from the group         consisting of:     -   1) hydrogen;     -   2) substituted or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;     -   3) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl; and     -   4) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl;     -   or R_(5a) and R_(5b) are taken together with the carbon atom to         which they are attached to form a group selected from —C₃-C₈         cycloalkyl, —C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, or —C₃-C₈ cycloalkynyl.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R_(2a) is C₁-C₆-alkyl, preferably methyl; CF₃, F or OH. In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R_(2b) is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —N₃ or OH, preferably F or OH. In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R₄ is hydrogen, halogen or OH, preferably hydrogen. In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R_(5a) and R_(5b) are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group. Preferably one of R_(5a) and R_(5b) is methyl and the other is hydrogen; R_(5a) and R_(5b) are both hydrogen; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl group. In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R₉ is aryl, substituted aryl or C₁-C₆-alkyl, preferably phenyl, naphthyl, p-fluorophenyl or isopropyl. R₁₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C₃-alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or benzyl. In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R₁₂ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R₁₃ is C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C₃-alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or benzyl. In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R_(2a) is methyl and R_(2b) is OH or F.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula I, R_(2a) is C₁-C₆-alkyl, preferably methyl, CF₃, F or OH, and more preferably methyl; R_(2b) is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —N₃ or OH, preferably F or OH; R₄ is hydrogen, halogen or OH, preferably hydrogen; R_(5a) and R_(5b) are independently hydrogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group; preferably one of R_(5a) and R_(5b) is methyl and the other is hydrogen; R_(5a) and R_(5b) are both hydrogen; or R_(5a) and R_(5b), together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl group; R₉ is aryl, substituted aryl or C₁-C₆-alkyl, preferably phenyl, naphthyl, p-fluorophenyl or isopropyl; R₁₁ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C₃-alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or benzyl; R₁₂ is hydrogen; and R₁₃ is C₁-C₆-alkyl or aryl-C₁-C₃-alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl or benzyl.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting the replication of an RNA or DNA containing virus comprising contacting said virus with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof. Particularly, this invention is directed to methods of inhibiting the replication of HCV, HBV and/or HIV.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA or DNA-containing virus comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, stereoisomer, or tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof. Particularly, this invention is directed to methods of treating or preventing infection caused by HCV, HBV and/or HIV.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides the use of a compound or combination of compounds of the present invention, or a therapeutically acceptable salt form, stereoisomer or tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof, as defined hereinafter, in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of infection caused by RNA or DNA-containing virus, specifically HCV, HBV and/or HIV.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A first embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by Formula I as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof.

A second embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof

Wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₃, R, R_(5a) and R_(5b) are as previously defined.

Illustrative structures of formula (II) can be represented, but not limited, by formula (II-1˜II-20):

A third embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₄, R_(5a), R_(5b), and R₇ are as previously defined.

A fourth embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by Formula IV or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₃, R₄, R_(5a), R_(5b), R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are as previously defined. X is O or S. Illustrative structures of formula (IV) can be represented, but not limited, by formula (IV-1˜IV-12):

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R_(5a), and R_(5b) are as previously defined.

A fifth embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by Formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₃, R₄, R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(8a), R_(8b), and R₁₄ are as previously defined. X is O or S. n is 1˜4.

A sixth embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R_(5a), R_(5b), and R₁₅ are as previously defined. X is O or S.

Compounds of the invention further include compounds of Formula (VII),

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof, wherein R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are as previously defined. Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds (example 1 to example 200 in Table 1) according to Formula VII, wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are delineated for each example in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Example R_(2a) R_(2b) R₉ R₁₁ R₁₂ R₁₃ 1 Me OH Ph Me H iPr 2 Me OH Ph Me H Me 3 Me OH Ph Me H Et 4 Me OH Ph Me H Bn 5 Me OH Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 6 Me F Ph Me H iPr 7 Me F Ph Me H Me 8 Me F Ph Me H Et 9 Me F Ph Me H Bn 10 Me F Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 11 Me OH Ph H H iPr 12 Me OH Ph H H Me 13 Me OH Ph H H Et 14 Me OH Ph H H Bn 15 Me OH Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 16 Me F Ph H H iPr 17 Me F Ph H H Me 18 Me F Ph H H Et 19 Me F Ph H H Bn 20 Me F Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 21 Me OH Ph iPr H iPr 22 Me OH Ph iPr H Me 23 Me OH Ph iPr H Et 24 Me OH Ph iPr H Bn 25 Me OH Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 26 Me F Ph iPr H iPr 27 Me F Ph iPr H Me 28 Me F Ph iPr H Et 29 Me F Ph iPr H Bn 30 Me F Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 31 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 32 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 33 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 34 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 35 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 36 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 37 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 38 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 39 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 40 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 41 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 42 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Me 43 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Et 44 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 45 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 46 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 47 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Me 48 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Et 49 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 50 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 51 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 52 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 53 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 54 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 55 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 56 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 57 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 58 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 59 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 60 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 61 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 62 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Me 63 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Et 64 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 65 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 66 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 67 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Me 68 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Et 69 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 70 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 71 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 72 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 73 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 74 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 75 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 76 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 77 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 78 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 79 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 80 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 81 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 82 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 83 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 84 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 85 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 86 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 87 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 88 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 89 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 90 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 91 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 92 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 93 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 94 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 95 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 96 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 97 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 98 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 99 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 100 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 101 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 102 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 103 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 104 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 105 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 106 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 107 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 108 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 109 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 110 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 111 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 112 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Me 113 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Et 114 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 115 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 116 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 117 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Me 118 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Et 119 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 120 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 121 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 122 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 123 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 124 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 125 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 126 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 127 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 128 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 129 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 130 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 131 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 132 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 133 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 134 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 135 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 136 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 137 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 138 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 139 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 140 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 141 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 142 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 143 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 144 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 145 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 146 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 147 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 148 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 149 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 150 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 151 Me OH iPr Me H iPr 152 Me OH iPr Me H Me 153 Me OH iPr Me H Et 154 Me OH iPr Me H Bn 155 Me OH iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 156 Me F iPr Me H iPr 157 Me F iPr Me H Me 158 Me F iPr Me H Et 159 Me F iPr Me H Bn 160 Me F iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 161 Me OH iPr H H iPr 162 Me OH iPr H H Me 163 Me OH iPr H H Et 164 Me OH iPr H H Bn 165 Me OH iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 166 Me F iPr H H iPr 167 Me F iPr H H Me 168 Me F iPr H H Et 169 Me F iPr H H Bn 170 Me F iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 171 Me OH iPr iPr H iPr 172 Me OH iPr iPr H Me 173 Me OH iPr iPr H Et 174 Me OH iPr iPr H Bn 175 Me OH iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 176 Me F iPr iPr H iPr 177 Me F iPr iPr H Me 178 Me F iPr iPr H Et 179 Me F iPr iPr H Bn 180 Me F iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 181 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 182 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 183 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 184 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 185 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 186 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 187 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 188 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 189 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 190 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 191 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 192 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Me 193 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Et 194 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 195 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 196 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 197 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Me 198 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Et 199 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 200 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂.

Compounds of the invention further include compounds of Formula (VIII),

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof, wherein R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are as previously defined. Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds (example 201 to example 400 in Table 2) according to Formula VIII, wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are delineated for each example in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Example R_(2a) R_(2b) R₉ R₁₁ R₁₂ R₁₃ 201 Me OH Ph Me H iPr 202 Me OH Ph Me H Me 203 Me OH Ph Me H Et 204 Me OH Ph Me H Bn 205 Me OH Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 206 Me F Ph Me H iPr 207 Me F Ph Me H Me 208 Me F Ph Me H Et 209 Me F Ph Me H Bn 210 Me F Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 211 Me OH Ph H H iPr 212 Me OH Ph H H Me 213 Me OH Ph H H Et 214 Me OH Ph H H Bn 215 Me OH Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 216 Me F Ph H H iPr 217 Me F Ph H H Me 218 Me F Ph H H Et 219 Me F Ph H H Bn 220 Me F Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 221 Me OH Ph iPr H iPr 222 Me OH Ph iPr H Me 223 Me OH Ph iPr H Et 224 Me OH Ph iPr H Bn 225 Me OH Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 226 Me F Ph iPr H iPr 227 Me F Ph iPr H Me 228 Me F Ph iPr H Et 229 Me F Ph iPr H Bn 230 Me F Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 231 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 232 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 233 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 234 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 235 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 236 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 237 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 238 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 239 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 240 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 241 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 242 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Me 243 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Et 244 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 245 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 246 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 247 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Me 248 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Et 249 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 250 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 251 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 252 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 253 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 254 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 255 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 256 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 257 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 258 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 259 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 260 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 261 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 262 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Me 263 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Et 264 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 265 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 266 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 267 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Me 268 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Et 269 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 270 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 271 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 272 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 273 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 274 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 275 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 276 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 277 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 278 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 279 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 280 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 281 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 282 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 283 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 284 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 285 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 286 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 287 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 288 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 289 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 290 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 291 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 292 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 293 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 294 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 295 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 296 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 297 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 298 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 299 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 300 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 301 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 302 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 303 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 304 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 305 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 306 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 307 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 308 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 309 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 310 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 311 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 312 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Me 313 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Et 314 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 315 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 316 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 317 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Me 318 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Et 319 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 320 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 321 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 322 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 323 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 324 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 325 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 326 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 327 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 328 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 329 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 330 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 331 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 332 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 333 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 334 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 335 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 336 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 337 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 338 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 339 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 340 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 341 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 342 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 343 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 344 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 345 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 346 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 347 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 348 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 349 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 350 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 351 Me OH iPr Me H iPr 352 Me OH iPr Me H Me 353 Me OH iPr Me H Et 354 Me OH iPr Me H Bn 355 Me OH iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 356 Me F iPr Me H iPr 357 Me F iPr Me H Me 358 Me F iPr Me H Et 359 Me F iPr Me H Bn 360 Me F iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 361 Me OH iPr H H iPr 362 Me OH iPr H H Me 363 Me OH iPr H H Et 364 Me OH iPr H H Bn 365 Me OH iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 366 Me F iPr H H iPr 367 Me F iPr H H Me 368 Me F iPr H H Et 369 Me F iPr H H Bn 370 Me F iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 371 Me OH iPr iPr H iPr 372 Me OH iPr iPr H Me 373 Me OH iPr iPr H Et 374 Me OH iPr iPr H Bn 375 Me OH iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 376 Me F iPr iPr H iPr 377 Me F iPr iPr H Me 378 Me F iPr iPr H Et 379 Me F iPr iPr H Bn 380 Me F iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 381 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 382 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 383 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 384 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 385 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 386 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 387 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 388 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 389 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 390 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 391 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 392 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Me 393 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Et 194 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 395 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 396 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 397 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Me 398 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Et 399 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 400 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂.

Compounds of the invention further include compounds of Formula (IX),

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof, wherein R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂ and R₁₃ are as previously defined. Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds (example 401 to example 600 in Table 3) according to Formula IX, wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are delineated for each example in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Example R_(2a) R_(2b) R₉ R₁₁ R₁₂ R₁₃ 401 Me OH Ph Me H iPr 402 Me OH Ph Me H Me 403 Me OH Ph Me H Et 404 Me OH Ph Me H Bn 405 Me OH Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 406 Me F Ph Me H iPr 407 Me F Ph Me H Me 408 Me F Ph Me H Et 409 Me F Ph Me H Bn 410 Me F Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 411 Me OH Ph H H iPr 412 Me OH Ph H H Me 413 Me OH Ph H H Et 414 Me OH Ph H H Bn 415 Me OH Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 416 Me F Ph H H iPr 417 Me F Ph H H Me 418 Me F Ph H H Et 419 Me F Ph H H Bn 420 Me F Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 421 Me OH Ph iPr H iPr 422 Me OH Ph iPr H Me 423 Me OH Ph iPr H Et 424 Me OH Ph iPr H Bn 425 Me OH Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 426 Me F Ph iPr H iPr 427 Me F Ph iPr H Me 428 Me F Ph iPr H Et 429 Me F Ph iPr H Bn 430 Me F Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 431 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 432 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 433 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 434 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 435 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 436 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 437 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 438 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 439 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 440 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 441 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 442 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Me 443 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Et 444 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 445 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 446 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 447 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Me 448 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Et 449 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 450 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 451 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 452 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 453 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 454 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 455 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 456 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 457 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 458 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 459 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 460 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 461 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 462 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Me 463 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Et 464 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 465 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 466 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 467 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Me 468 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Et 469 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 470 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 471 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 472 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 473 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 474 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 475 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 476 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 477 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 478 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 479 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 480 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 481 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 482 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 483 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 484 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 485 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 486 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 487 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 488 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 489 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 490 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 491 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 492 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 493 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 494 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 495 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 496 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 497 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 498 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 499 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 500 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 501 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 502 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 503 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 504 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 505 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 506 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 507 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 508 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 509 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 510 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 511 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 512 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Me 513 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Et 514 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 515 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 516 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 517 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Me 518 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Et 519 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 520 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 521 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 522 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 523 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 524 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 525 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 526 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 527 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 528 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 529 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 530 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 531 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 532 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 533 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 534 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 535 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 536 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 537 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 538 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 539 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 540 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 541 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 542 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 543 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 544 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 545 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 546 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 547 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 548 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 549 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 550 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 551 Me OH iPr Me H iPr 552 Me OH iPr Me H Me 553 Me OH iPr Me H Et 554 Me OH iPr Me H Bn 555 Me OH iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 556 Me F iPr Me H iPr 557 Me F iPr Me H Me 558 Me F iPr Me H Et 559 Me F iPr Me H Bn 560 Me F iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 561 Me OH iPr H H iPr 562 Me OH iPr H H Me 563 Me OH iPr H H Et 564 Me OH iPr H H Bn 565 Me OH iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 566 Me F iPr H H iPr 567 Me F iPr H H Me 568 Me F iPr H H Et 569 Me F iPr H H Bn 570 Me F iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 571 Me OH iPr iPr H iPr 572 Me OH iPr iPr H Me 573 Me OH iPr iPr H Et 574 Me OH iPr iPr H Bn 575 Me OH iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 576 Me F iPr iPr H iPr 577 Me F iPr iPr H Me 578 Me F iPr iPr H Et 579 Me F iPr iPr H Bn 580 Me F iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 581 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 582 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 583 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 584 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 585 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 586 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 587 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 588 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 589 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 590 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 591 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 592 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Me 593 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Et 594 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 595 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 596 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 597 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Me 598 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Et 599 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 600 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂

Compounds of the invention further include compounds of Formula (X),

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or prodrugs thereof, wherein R_(2a), R_(2b), R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(8a) and R_(8b) are as previously defined. Representative compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following compounds (example 601 to example 660 in Table 4) according to Formula X, wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(8a), and R_(8b) are delineated for each example in Table 4.

TABLE 4         Example         R_(2a)         R_(2b)  

601 Me OH PhCH₂NH

602 Me OH PhCH₂NH

603 Me OH PhCH₂NH

604 Me OH ^(i)PrNH

605 Me OH ^(i)PrNH

606 Me OH ^(i)PrNH

607 Me OH ^(t)BuNH

608 Me OH ^(t)BuNH

609 Me OH ^(t)BuNH

610 Me OH

611 Me OH

612 Me OH

613 Me OH

614 Me OH

615 Me OH

616 Me OH

617 Me OH

618 Me OH

619 Me OH NHCH₂CO₂Et

620 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂Et

621 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂Et

622 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

623 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

624 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

625 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂H

626 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂H

627 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂H

628 Me OH NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

629 Me OH NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

630 Me OH NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

631 Me F PhCH₂NH

632 Me F PhCH₂NH

633 Me F PhCH₂NH

634 Me F ^(i)PrNH

635 Me F ^(i)PrNH

636 Me F ^(i)PrNH

637 Me F ^(t)BuNH

638 Me F ^(t)BuNH

639 Me F ^(t)BuNH

640 Me F

641 Me F

642 Me F

643 Me F

644 Me F

645 Me F

646 Me F

647 Me F

648 Me F

649 Me F NHCH₂CO₂Et

650 Me F NH CH₂CO₂Et

651 Me F NH CH₂CO₂Et

652 Me F NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

653 Me F NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

654 Me F NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

655 Me F NH CH₂CO₂H

656 Me F NH CH₂CO₂H

657 Me F NH CH₂CO₂H

658 Me F NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

659 Me F NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

660 Me F NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

The term “compound”, as used herein in reference to the compounds of Formulas I-X, refers to a collection of molecules of identical molecular structure, except for isotopic variation. Atoms within the compounds which are not designated as a specific isotope can be any stable isotope of the indicated element. Typically, the isotopic distribution of each such atom will correspond substantially to the natural isotopic abundance for that element. The designation of an atom as deuterium in the compounds of the invention indicates that this position is enriched with deuterium at a level which is significantly greater than the natural abundance of this isotope. For example, in preferred compounds of the invention, the designation of an atom as deuterium signifies that this position is deuterated in at least 5% of the molecules. Preferably, such a position is deuterated in at least 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50% of the molecules. In certain embodiments, such a position is deuterated in 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95% of the molecules. The compounds of the invention have two atoms designated as deuterium, and in preferred embodiments both positions are deuterated in at least 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 60%, 75% 80%, 90% or 95% of the molecules.

The present invention also features pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof. In one embodiment, the present invention features pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In another embodiment, the invention features methods of treating a hepatitis C infection in a subject in need of such treatment with said pharmaceutical composition.

In addition, the present invention features methods of using compounds of the present invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof to treat HCV infection. The methods comprise administering to an HCV patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It will be appreciated that the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may exist in racemic, diastereoisomeric, and optically active forms. It should be understood that the compounds encompassed by the present invention are those that are suitably stable for use as pharmaceutical agent.

Yet a further embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any single compound or a combination of two or more compounds delineated herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more agents known in the art, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In the methods described herein, a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered alone, or in combination with one or more other anti-HCV agents, such as HCV polymerase inhibitors, HCV protease inhibitors, HCV NS5A inhibitors, CD81 inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, internal ribosome entry site (IRES) inhibitors or any combinations thereof. Interferon, ribavirin or both can also be included in the treatment. For example, the methods described herein can further comprise administering to the patient peginterferon-alpha and ribavirin. Different agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially. The dosing frequency of each agent in a treatment regimen can be the same or different. For instance, a compound of the invention can be dosed once daily and ribavirin can be dosed twice daily.

Compounds of the present invention can be administered as the sole active pharmaceutical agent, or used in combination with one or more agents to treat or prevent hepatitis C infections or the symptoms associated with HCV infection. Other agents to be administered in combination with a compound or combination of compounds of the invention include therapies for disease caused by HCV infection that suppresses HCV viral replication by direct or indirect mechanisms. These include agents such as host immune modulators (for example, interferon-alpha, pegylated interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, CpG oligonucleotides and the like), cyclophilins (e.g., Debio 025), or antiviral compounds that inhibit host cellular functions such as inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (for example, ribavirin and the like). Also included are cytokines that modulate immune function. Also included are vaccines comprising HCV antigens or antigen adjuvant combinations directed against HCV. Also included are agents that interact with host cellular components to block viral protein synthesis by inhibiting the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) initiated translation step of HCV viral replication or to block viral particle maturation and release with agents targeted toward the viroporin family of membrane proteins such as, for example, HCV P7 and the like. Other agents to be administered in combination with a compound of the present invention include any agent or combination of agents that inhibit the replication of HCV by targeting proteins of the viral genome involved in the viral replication. These agents include but are not limited to other inhibitors of HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase such as, for example, nucleoside type polymerase inhibitors described in WO0190121(A2), or U.S. Pat. No. 6,348,587B1 or WO0160315 or WO0132153 or non-nucleoside inhibitors such as, for example, benzimidazole polymerase inhibitors described in EP 1162196A1 or WO0204425 or inhibitors of HCV protease such as, for example, peptidomimetic type inhibitors such as BILN2061 and the like or inhibitors of HCV helicase.

Other agents to be administered in combination with a compound of the present invention include any agent or combination of agents that inhibit the replication of other viruses for co-infected individuals. These agents include but are not limited to therapies for disease caused by hepatitis B (HBV) infection or therapies for disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is directed to a method for treating or preventing an infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment one or more agents selected from the group consisting of a host immune modulator and a second antiviral agent, or a combination thereof, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, prodrug, salt of a prodrug, or combination thereof. Examples of the host immune modulator are, but not limited to, interferon-alpha, pegylated-interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, a cytokine, a vaccine, and a vaccine comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, and said second antiviral agent inhibits replication of HCV either by inhibiting host cellular functions associated with viral replication or by targeting proteins of the viral genome.

A further aspect of the invention is directed to a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment an agent or combination of agents that treat or alleviate symptoms of HCV infection including cirrhosis and inflammation of the liver, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or combination of compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, prodrug, salt of a prodrug, or combination thereof. Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment one or more agents that treat patients for disease caused by hepatitis B (HBV) infection, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a combination of compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, prodrug, salt of a prodrug, or combination thereof. An agent that treats patients for disease caused by hepatitis B (HBV) infection may be for example, but not limited thereto, L-deoxythymidine, adefovir, lamivudine or tenfovir, or any combination thereof. Example of the RNA-containing virus includes, but not limited to, hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus comprising co-administering to a patient in need of such treatment one or more agents that treat patients for disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a combination of compounds of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, tautomer, prodrug, salt of a prodrug, or combination thereof. An example of the RNA-containing virus includes, but not limited to, hepatitis C virus (HCV). In addition, the present invention provides the use of a compound or a combination of compounds of the invention, or a therapeutically acceptable salt form, stereoisomer, or tautomer, prodrug, salt of a prodrug, or combination thereof, and one or more agents selected from the group consisting of a host immune modulator and a second antiviral agent, or a combination thereof, to prepare a medicament for the treatment of an infection caused by an RNA-containing virus in a patient, particularly hepatitis C virus. Examples of the host immune modulator are, but not limited to, interferon-alpha, pegylated-interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, interferon-gamma, a cytokine, a vaccine, and a vaccine comprising an antigen and an adjuvant, and said second antiviral agent inhibits replication of HCV either by inhibiting host cellular functions associated with viral replication or by targeting proteins of the viral genome.

When used in the above or other treatments, combination of compound or compounds of the invention, together with one or more agents as defined herein above, can be employed in pure form or, where such forms exist, in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, prodrug, salt of a prodrug, or combination thereof. Alternatively, such combination of therapeutic agents can be administered as a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of the compound or combination of compounds of interest, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, prodrugs, or salts of the prodrug, in combination with one or more agents as defined hereinabove, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be used for inhibiting the replication of an RNA-containing virus, particularly Hepatitis C virus (HCV), by contacting said virus with said pharmaceutical composition. In addition, such compositions are useful for the treatment or prevention of an infection caused by an RNA-containing virus, particularly Hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Hence, further aspect of the invention is directed to a method of treating or preventing infection caused by an RNA-containing virus, particularly a hepatitis C virus (HCV), comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or combination of compounds of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer, prodrug, salt of a prodrug, or combination thereof, one or more agents as defined hereinabove, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

When administered as a combination, the therapeutic agents can be formulated as separate compositions which are given at the same time or within a predetermined period of time, or the therapeutic agents can be given as a single unit dosage form.

Antiviral agents contemplated for use in such combination therapy include agents (compounds or biologicals) that are effective to inhibit the formation and/or replication of a virus in a mammal, including but not limited to, agents that interfere with either host or viral mechanisms necessary for the formation and/or replication of a virus in a mammal. Such agents can be selected from another anti-HCV agent; an HIV inhibitor; an HAV inhibitor; and an HBV inhibitor.

Other anti-HCV agents include those agents that are effective for diminishing or preventing the progression of hepatitis C related symptoms or disease. Such agents include but are not limited to immunomodulatory agents, inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease, other inhibitors of HCV polymerase, inhibitors of another target in the HCV life cycle and other anti-HCV agents, including but not limited to, ribavirin, amantadine, levovirin and viramidine.

Immunomodulatory agents include those agents (compounds or biologicals) that are effective to enhance or potentiate the immune system response in a mammal. Immunomodulatory agents include, but are not limited to, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors such as VX-497 (merimepodib, Vertex Pharmaceuticals), class I interferons, class II interferons, consensus interferons, asialo-interferons pegylated interferons and conjugated interferons, including but not limited to, interferons conjugated with other proteins including but not limited to, human albumin. Class I interferons are a group of interferons that all bind to receptor type I, including both naturally and synthetically produced class I interferons, while class II interferons all bind to receptor type II. Examples of class I interferons include, but are not limited to, [alpha]-, [beta]-, [delta]-, [omega]-, and [tau]-interferons, while examples of class II interferons include, but are not limited to, [gamma]-interferons.

Inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease include agents (compounds or biologicals) that are effective to inhibit the function of HCV NS3 protease in a mammal Inhibitors of HCV NS3 protease include, but are not limited to, those compounds described in WO 99/07733, WO 99/07734, WO 00/09558, WO 00/09543, WO 00/59929, WO 03/064416, WO 03/064455, WO 03/064456, WO 2004/030670, WO 2004/037855, WO 2004/039833, WO 2004/101602, WO 2004/101605, WO 2004/103996, WO 2005/028501, WO 2005/070955, WO 2006/000085, WO 2006/007700 and WO 2006/007708 (all by Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 02/060926, WO 03/053349, WO03/099274, WO 03/099316, WO 2004/032827, WO 2004/043339, WO 2004/094452, WO 2005/046712, WO 2005/051410, WO 2005/054430 (all by BMS), WO 2004/072243, WO 2004/093798, WO 2004/113365, WO 2005/010029 (all by Enanta), WO 2005/037214 (Intermune) and WO 2005/051980 (Schering), and the candidates identified as VX-950, ITMN-191 and SCH 503034.

Inhibitors of HCV polymerase include agents (compounds or biologicals) that are effective to inhibit the function of an HCV polymerase. Such inhibitors include, but are not limited to, non-nucleoside and nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Examples of inhibitors of HCV polymerase include but are not limited to those compounds described in: WO 02/04425, WO 03/007945, WO 03/010140, WO 03/010141, WO 2004/064925, WO 2004/065367, WO 2005/080388 and WO 2006/007693 (all by Boehringer Ingelheim), WO 2005/049622 (Japan Tobacco), WO 2005/014543 (Japan Tobacco), WO 2005/012288 (Genelabs), WO 2004/087714 (IRBM), WO 03/101993 (Neogenesis), WO 03/026587 (BMS), WO 03/000254 (Japan Tobacco), and WO 01/47883 (Japan Tobacco), and the clinical candidates XTL-2125, HCV 796, R-1626 and NM 283.

Inhibitors of another target in the HCV life cycle include agents (compounds or biologicals) that are effective to inhibit the formation and/or replication of HCV other than by inhibiting the function of the HCV NS3 protease. Such agents may interfere with either host or HCV viral mechanisms necessary for the formation and/or replication of HCV Inhibitors of another target in the HCV life cycle include, but are not limited to, entry inhibitors, agents that inhibit a target selected from a helicase, a NS2/3 protease and an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and agents that interfere with the function of other viral targets including but not limited to, an NS5A protein and an NS4B protein.

It can occur that a patient may be co-infected with hepatitis C virus and one or more other viruses, including but not limited to, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Thus also contemplated is combination therapy to treat such co-infections by co-administering a compound according to the present invention with at least one of an HIV inhibitor, an HAV inhibitor and an HBV inhibitor.

According to yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may further comprise inhibitor(s) of other targets in the HCV life cycle, including, but not limited to, helicase, polymerase, metalloprotease, and internal ribosome entry site (IRES).

According to still another embodiment, the present invention includes methods of treating viral infection such as, but not limited to, hepatitis C infections in a subject in need of such treatment by administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

According to a further embodiment, the present invention includes methods of treating hepatitis C infections in a subject in need of such treatment by administering to said subject an anti-HCV virally effective amount or an inhibitory amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.

An additional embodiment of the present invention includes methods of treating biological samples by contacting the biological samples with the compounds of the present invention.

Yet a further aspect of the present invention is a process of making any of the compounds delineated herein employing any of the synthetic means delineated herein.

DEFINITIONS

Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe this invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification and claims, unless otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.

The term “viral infection” refers to the introduction of a virus into cells or tissues, e.g., hepatitis C virus (HCV). In general, the introduction of a virus is also associated with replication. Viral infection may be determined by measuring virus antibody titer in samples of a biological fluid, such as blood, using, e.g., enzyme immunoassay. Other suitable diagnostic methods include molecular based techniques, such as RT-PCR, direct hybrid capture assay, nucleic acid sequence based amplification, and the like. A virus may infect an organ, e.g., liver, and cause disease, e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis, chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.

The term “immune modulator” refers to any substance meant to alter the working of the humoral or cellular immune system of a subject. Such immune modulators include inhibitors of mast cell-mediated inflammation, interferons, interleukins, prostaglandins, steroids, cortico-steroids, colony-stimulating factors, chemotactic factors, etc.

The term “alkyl”, as used herein, refers to a saturated, straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbongroup. Preferred alkyl radicals include C₁-C₆ alkyl and C₁-C₈ alkyl radicals. Examples of C₁-C₆ alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl groups; and examples of C₁-C₈ alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, heptyl, and octyl groups.

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein, denote a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety by the removal of a single hydrogen atom wherein the hydrocarbon moiety has at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Preferred alkenyl groups include C₂-C₆ alkenyl and C₂-C₈ alkenyl groups. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, heptenyl, octenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl”, as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a hydrocarbon moiety by the removal of a single hydrogen atom wherein the hydrocarbon moiety has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Preferred alkynyl groups include C₂-C₆ alkynyl and C₂-C₈ alkynyl groups. Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, heptynyl, octynyl and the like.

The term “carbocycle” refers to a saturated (e.g., “cycloalkyl”), partially saturated (e.g., “cycloalkenyl” or “cycloalkynyl”) or completely unsaturated (e.g., “aryl”) ring system containing zero heteroatom ring atom. “Ring atoms” or “ring members” are the atoms bound together to form the ring or rings. Where a carbocycle group is a divalent moiety linking two other elements in a depicted chemical structure (such as Z in Formula I_(A)), the carbocycle group can be attached to the two other elements through any two substitutable ring atoms. A C₄-C₆ carbocycle has 4-6 ring atoms.

The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbocyclic ring compound by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Preferred cycloalkyl groups include C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl and C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl groups. Examples of C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and cyclooctyl; and examples of C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein, denote a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Preferred cycloalkenyl groups include C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl and C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl groups. Examples of C₃-C₈-cycloalkenyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, and the like; and examples of C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkenyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, and the like.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system having one or two aromatic rings including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like.

The term “arylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a C₁-C₃ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl residue attached to an aryl ring. Examples include, but are not limited to, benzyl, phenethyl and the like.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono-, bi-, or tri-cyclic aromatic radical or ring having from five to ten ring atoms of which at least one ring atom is selected from S, O and N; wherein any N or S contained within the ring may be optionally oxidized. Preferred heteroaryl groups are monocyclic or bicyclic. Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl, and the like.

The term “heteroarylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a C₁-C₃ alkyl or C₁-C₆ alkyl residue attached to a heteroaryl ring. Examples include, but are not limited to, pyridinylmethyl, pyrimidinylmethyl and the like.

The term “substituted” as used herein, refers to independent replacement of one, two, or three or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon with substituents including, but not limited to, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, protected hydroxy, —NO₂, —CN, —NH₂, N₃, protected amino, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, oxo, -halo-C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, -halo-C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, -halo-C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, -halo-C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —NH-heterocycloalkyl, -dialkylamino, -diarylamino, -diheteroarylamino, —O—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —O—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —O—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —O—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O-heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —C(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)-heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —CONH₂, —CONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —CONH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —CONH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —CONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —CONH-heterocycloalkyl, —OCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —OCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCO₂-aryl, —OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCONH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —OCONH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —OCONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCONH-aryl, —OCONH-heteroaryl, —OCONH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NHC(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl, —NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —NHCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NHCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(O)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH-aryl, —NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)NH-heterocycloalkyl, NHC(S)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH-aryl, —NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(S)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH-aryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NHC(NH)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)-aryl, —NHC(NH)-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)-heterocycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —C(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH-aryl, —C(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —C(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —S(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —S(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O)-heteroaryl, —S(O)-heterocycloalkyl —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —SO₂NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHSO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —NHSO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂SO₂CH₃, -aryl, -arylalkyl, -heteroaryl, -heteroarylalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, —C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, polyalkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxy, -methoxymethoxy, -methoxyethoxy, —SH, —S—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S—C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, —S—C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —S—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —S-heterocycloalkyl, methylthiomethyl, or -L′-R′, wherein L′ is C₁-C₆alkylene, C₂-C₆alkenylene or C₂-C₆alkynylene, and R′ is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, C₃-C₁₂cycloalkyl or C₃-C₁₂cycloalkenyl. It is understood that the aryls, heteroaryls, alkyls, and the like can be further substituted. In some cases, each substituent in a substituted moiety is additionally optionally substituted with one or more groups, each group being independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NO₂, —CN, or —NH₂.

In accordance with the invention, any of the aryls, substituted aryls, heteroaryls and substituted heteroaryls described herein, can be any aromatic group. Aromatic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl moiety described herein can also be an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group or a heterocyclic group. An “aliphatic group” is non-aromatic moiety that may contain any combination of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, oxygen, nitrogen or other atoms, and optionally contain one or more units of unsaturation, e.g., double and/or triple bonds. An aliphatic group may be straight chained, branched or cyclic and preferably contains between about 1 and about 24 carbon atoms, more typically between about 1 and about 12 carbon atoms. In addition to aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, aliphatic groups include, for example, polyalkoxyalkyls, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines, for example. Such aliphatic groups may be further substituted. It is understood that aliphatic groups may be used in place of the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene groups described herein.

The term “alicyclic,” as used herein, denotes a monovalent group derived from a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbocyclic ring compound by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. Examples include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl. Such alicyclic groups may be further substituted.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocyclic” can be used interchangeably and refer to a non-aromatic 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group fused system, where: (i) each ring contains between one and three heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, (ii) each 5-membered ring has 0 to 1 double bonds and each 6-membered ring has 0 to 2 double bonds, (iii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, (iv) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, (v) any of the above rings may be fused to a benzene ring, and (vi) the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms which may be optionally oxo-substituted. Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, [1,3]dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, and tetrahydrofuryl. Such heterocyclic groups may be further substituted to give substituted heterocyclic.

It will be apparent that in various embodiments of the invention, the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl are intended to be monovalent or divalent. Thus, alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene, cycloaklylene, cycloalkenylene, cycloalkynylene, arylalkylene, hetoerarylalkylene and heterocycloalkylene groups are to be included in the above definitions, and are applicable to provide the formulas herein with proper valency.

The term “hydroxy activating group”, as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to activate a hydroxy group so that it will depart during synthetic procedures such as in a substitution or elimination reactions. Examples of hydroxy activating group include, but not limited to, mesylate, tosylate, triflate, p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate and the like.

The term “activated hydroxy”, as used herein, refers to a hydroxy group activated with a hydroxy activating group, as defined above, including mesylate, tosylate, triflate, p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate groups, for example.

The term “protected hydroxy,” as used herein, refers to a hydroxy group protected with a hydroxy protecting group, as defined above, including benzoyl, acetyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, methoxymethyl groups.

The terms “halo” and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, or as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques, which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states; thus a carbon-carbon double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the two in any proportion.

The term “subject” as used herein refers to a mammal. A subject therefore refers to, for example, dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, guinea pigs, and the like. Preferably the subject is a human. When the subject is a human, the subject may be referred to herein as a patient.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art.

The term “hydroxy protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a hydroxy group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the hydroxy protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Hydroxy protecting groups as known in the are described generally in T. H. Greene and P. G., S. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of hydroxy protecting groups include benzyloxycarbonyl, 4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, diphenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, 2-furfuryloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, formyl, chloroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzoyl, methyl, t-butyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilyl ethyl, 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl, 3-methyl-3-butenyl, allyl, benzyl, para-methoxybenzyldiphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl(trityl), tetrahydrofuryl, methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2,2,2-triehloroethoxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, methanesulfonyl, para-toluenesulfonyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and the like. Preferred hydroxy protecting groups for the present invention are acetyl (Ac or —C(O)CH₃), benzoyl (Bz or —C(O)C₆H₅), and trimethylsilyl (TMS or —Si(CH₃)₃). Berge, et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1-19 (1977). The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, nontoxic acid addition salts e.g., salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

The term “amino protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect an amino group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the amino protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Amino protecting groups as known in the are described generally in T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, t-butoxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to esters of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of particular esters include, but are not limited to, formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs” as used herein refers to those prodrugs of the compounds formed by the process of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals with undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the present invention. “Prodrug”, as used herein means a compound, which is convertible in vivo by metabolic means (e.g. by hydrolysis) to afford any compound delineated by the formulae of the instant invention. Various forms of prodrugs are known in the art, for example, as discussed in Bundgaard, (ed.), Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); Widder, et al. (ed.), Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 4, Academic Press (1985); Krogsgaard-Larsen, et al., (ed). “Design and Application of Prodrugs, Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Chapter 5, 113-191 (1991); Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Drug Deliver Reviews, 8:1-38 (1992); Bundgaard, J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77:285 et seq. (1988); Higuchi and Stella (eds.) Prodrugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems, American Chemical Society (1975); and Bernard Testa & Joachim Mayer, “Hydrolysis In Drug And Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry, Biochemistry And Enzymology,” John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. (2002).

The term “aprotic solvent,” as used herein, refers to a solvent that is relatively inert to proton activity, i.e., not acting as a proton-donor. Examples include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons, such as hexane and toluene, for example, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, for example, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform, and the like, heterocyclic compounds, such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran and N-methylpyrrolidinone, and ethers such as diethyl ether, bis-methoxymethyl ether. Such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art, and individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of aprotic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al., Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1986.

The terms “protogenic organic solvent” or “protic solvent” as used herein, refer to a solvent that tends to provide protons, such as an alcohol, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol, and the like. Such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art, and individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of protogenic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al., Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1986.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds. The term “stable”, as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject).

The synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. In addition, the solvents, temperatures, reaction durations, etc. delineated herein are for purposes of illustration only and variation of the reaction conditions can produce the desired bridged macrocyclic products of the present invention. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein include, for example, those described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995).

The compounds of this invention may be modified by appending various functionalities via synthetic means delineated herein to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), buccally, or as an oral or nasal spray.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by injection. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Antiviral Activity

An inhibitory amount or dose of the compounds of the present invention may range from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg, alternatively from about 1 to about 100 mg/Kg Inhibitory amounts or doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.

According to the methods of treatment of the present invention, viral infections are treated or prevented in a subject such as a human or lower mammal by administering to the subject an anti-hepatitis C virally effective amount or an inhibitory amount of a compound of the present invention, in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result. An additional method of the present invention is the treatment of biological samples with an inhibitory amount of a compound of composition of the present invention in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result.

The term “anti-hepatitis C virally effective amount” of a compound of the invention, as used herein, mean a sufficient amount of the compound so as to decrease the viral load in a biological sample or in a subject (e.g., resulting in at least 10%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% or 95%, reduction in viral load). As well understood in the medical arts, an anti-hepatitis C virally effective amount of a compound of this invention will be at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.

The term “inhibitory amount” of a compound of the present invention means a sufficient amount to decrease the hepatitis C viral load in a biological sample or a subject (e.g., resulting in at least 10%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90% or 95%, reduction in viral load). It is understood that when said inhibitory amount of a compound of the present invention is administered to a subject it will be at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment as determined by a physician. The term “biological sample(s),” as used herein, means a substance of biological origin intended for administration to a subject. Examples of biological samples include, but are not limited to, blood and components thereof such as plasma, platelets, subpopulations of blood cells and the like; organs such as kidney, liver, heart, lung, and the like; sperm and ova; bone marrow and components thereof; or stem cells. Thus, another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating a biological sample by contacting said biological sample with an inhibitory amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.

Upon improvement of a subject's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. The subject may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific inhibitory dose for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The total daily inhibitory dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a subject in single or in divided doses can be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body weight or more usually from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. In general, treatment regimens according to the present invention comprise administration to a patient in need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the compound(s) of this invention per day in single or multiple doses.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein are accorded the meaning commonly known to one with ordinary skill in the art. All publications, patents, published patent applications, and other references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of the schemes and the examples that follow are:

-   -   ACN for acetonitrile;     -   BME for 2-mercaptoethanol;     -   BOP for benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium         hexafluorophosphate;     -   BzCl for benzoyl chloride;     -   CDI for carbonyldiimidazole;     -   COD for cyclooctadiene;     -   DABCO for 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     -   DAST for diethylaminosulfur trifluoride;     -   DABCYL for         6-(N-4′-carboxy-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene)-aminohexyl-1-O-(2-cyanoethyl)-(N,N-diisopropyl)-phosphoramidite;     -   DBU for 1,8-Diazabicycloundec-7-ene;     -   DCC for N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide;     -   DCM for dichloromethane;     -   DIAD for diisopropyl azodicarboxylate;     -   DIBAL-H for diisobutylaluminum hydride;     -   DIPEA for diisopropyl ethylamine;     -   DMAP for N,N-dimethylaminopyridine;     -   DME for ethylene glycol dimethyl ether;     -   DMEM for Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Media;     -   DMF for N,N-dimethyl formamide;     -   DMSO for dimethylsulfoxide;     -   DSC for N,N′-disuccinimidyl carbonate;     -   DUPHOS for

-   -   EDANS for 5-(2-Amino-ethylamino)-naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid;     -   EDCI or EDC for 1-(3-diethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide         hydrochloride;     -   EtOAc for ethyl acetate;     -   EtOH for ethyl alcohol;     -   HATU for O(7-Azabenzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium         hexafluorophosphate;     -   HCl for hydrochloric acid;     -   Hoveyda's Cat. for Dichloro(o-isopropoxyphenylmethylene)         (tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium(II);     -   In for indium;     -   KHMDS is potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide;     -   Ms for mesyl;     -   NMM for N-4-methylmorpholine;     -   NMI for N-methylimidazole;     -   NMO for N-4-methylmorpholine-N-Oxide;     -   PyBrOP for Bromo-tri-pyrrolidino-phosphonium         hexafluorophosphate;     -   Ph for phenyl;     -   RCM for ring-closing metathesis;     -   RT for reverse transcription;     -   RT-PCR for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction;     -   TBME for tert-butyl methyl ether;     -   TEA for triethyl amine;     -   Tf₂O for trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride     -   TFA for trifluoroacetic acid;     -   THF for tetrahydrofuran;     -   TLC for thin layer chromatography;     -   (TMS)₂NH for hexamethyldisilazane     -   TMSOTf for trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate;     -   TPAP tetrapropylammonium perruthenate;     -   TPP or PPh₃ for triphenylphosphine;     -   TrCl for trityl chloride;     -   DMTrCl for 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride;     -   tBOC or Boc for tert-butyloxy carbonyl;     -   Xantphos for         4,5-Bis-diphenylphosphanyl-9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene; and     -   Zhan 1 B for

Synthetic Methods

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following synthetic schemes that illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention may be prepared, which are intended as an illustration only and not to limit the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including, without limitation, those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, and/or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

One approach to the synthesis of deuterated compounds of Formula II is exemplified in Scheme 1, wherein R_(2a), R_(2b), R₄, R_(5a), R_(5b) and R₇ is previously defined. The deuterated cytosine I-1 was treated with acylation reagent 1-2 in the presence of base such as, but not limited to, DIEPA, TEA, DMAP, DBU to provide the acylated product 1-3. LG₁ is defined as leaving group such as, but not limited to, —Cl, —Br, —I, —F, —OTs, —OCOCF₃, —OCOCH₃, —OSO₂CF₃, —NR₃ ⁺.

The compound I-5 could be synthesized from the glycosylation between compound I-4 and a deuterated base 1-3 (or its derivatives such as, but not limited to the persilylated derivatives) employing a suitable catalyst such as, but not limited to TMSOTf or SnCl₄ with or without presence of a suitable base. Examples of suitable base includes, but not limited to, DIEPA, TEA, DMAP, DBU and DABCO. LG₂ is defined as leaving group such as, but not limited to, —Cl, —Br, —I, —F, —OTs, —OCOCF₃, —COCH₃, —OSO₂CF₃, —NR₃ ⁺.

The cytosine derivative I-5 could be converted into the uracil derivative of formula III via a deamination process employing a suitable acid such as, but not limited to acetic acid with or without water.

The compound of formula II could be synthesized from the deprotection of compound with formula III when treated with a suitable base such as, but not limited to NH₃ in the presence of alcohol such as, but not limited to methanol.

The compound of formula IV (R₃═H, X═O) could be synthesized by coupling of nucleoside compound of formula II with phosphoamidate compound II-1 in the presence of organic/inorganic base such as, but not limited to, NMI, DIEPA, TEA, DMAP and iPrMgCl, as exemplified in Scheme 2. LG₃ is a leaving group such as, but not limited to, Cl or pentafluorophenoxy.

Another approach to the synthesis of deuterated compound of Formula I is exemplified in Scheme 3. The deuterated compounds Formula (I) could be synthesized from selective deuteration of the base via H-D exchange process employing a suitable catalyst such as, but not limited to, Pd on Carbon, PtO₂, adam's catalyst with or without the presence of H₂, while D₂O or D₂ gas serving as the deuterium source. (For further details on H-D exchanges see recent publications: Atzrodt et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7744; Földesi et al., Nucleos. Nucleot. Nucl. 2000, 19, 1615; Sajiki et al., Synlett 2005, 9, 1385, Sajiki et al., Synthesis 2009, 16, 2674; Maeda et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 19, 1643).

EXAMPLES

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples, which are intended as an illustration only and not limiting of the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including, without limitation, those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, formulations and/or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

Example 1

Compound of Formula VII, wherein R_(2a)=Me, R_(2b)=F, R₉=phenyl, R₁₁=H, R₁₂=Me, R₁₃=iPr,

Step 1A

To a suspension of cytosine-5,6-d₂ 1a-1 (500 mg, 4.464 mmol) in pyridine (6 mL) at 0° C. was added BzCl (1.05 mL, 9.0 mmol) dropwise over 10 min. The resulted mixture was stirred at RT for 4 h, and quenched with MeOH (0.3 mL) and stirred for 10 min. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with EtOH and Et₂O. The residue was dried to give the product 1a (642 mg, 67%). MS (ESI): m/e 218.11 (M+H). ¹H NMR (DMSO-D₆) δ 11.56 (s, 1H), 11.09 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.6 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),

Step 1B

To a suspension of compound (1a) (64 mg, 0.298 mmol) in chlorobenzene (1.5 mL) was added (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1.2 mg) and hexamethyldisilazane (0.8 mL). The resulted mixture was stirred at 140° C. for 1 h until the mixture became a clear solution, and the mixture was concentrated in vacuo without exposure to air. To this residue was added chlorobenzene (1.5 mL) and compound (1b-1) (˜0.447 mmol) in chlorobenzene (1.5 mL) (synthesis of compound (1b-1) see: Steven et al. PCT Int. Appl. 2008045419) and SnCl₄ (0.14 ml). The resulted mixture was heated up to 80° C. for 4 hrs and diluted with DCM. To the mixture was added NaHCO₃ (0.50 g) and celite (0.3 g) and water (84 uL). The resulted mixture was heated up to reflux for 20 min and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and first purified by CombiFlash (hexane to 80% EtOAc in hexane) followed by crystallization in DCM/PhCl to give the desired product 1b (51 mg). MS (ESI): m/e 574.54 (M+H),

Step 1C

To compound 1b (120 mg, 0.209 mmol) was added AcOH (2.4 mL) and water (0.6 mL), and the resulted mixture was heated up to 100° C. for 14 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was triturated with DCM and Et₂O to give compound 1c-1 as white powder (62 mg) after drying. To this powder was added NH₃ (3 mL, 7 N in MeOH) and the suspension was stirred at RT for 14 h until it became a clear solution. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was triturated with DCM and Et₂O to give the product 1c (12 mg). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 6.13 (d, J=18.5 Hz, 1H), 3.93-4.04 (m, 3H), 3.81 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (d, J=22.5 Hz, 3H),

Step 1D

To compound 1c (12 mg, 0.0454 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) at 0° C. was added tBuMgCl (91 uL, 1.0 M in THF) dropwise and the resulted cloudy solution was stirred at RT for 20 min. To this mixture was added compound 1d-1 (37 mg, 0.817 mmol) in THF (1.0 mL) dropwise and the resulted mixture was stirred at RT for 14 h (for synthesis of compound 1d-1 see Ross et al. US 2011/0251152 A1). The resulted mixture was quenched with NaHCO₃ (aq) and the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (DCM to 8% MeOH in DCM) to afford the product Example 1 (8 mg). MS (ESI): m/e 532.1 (M+H). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.73 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.19 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 4.99-5.07 (m, 1H), 4.51-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.00 (m, 2H), 1.42 (d, J=22.5 Hz, 6H), 1.34-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.25 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

Biological Activity 1. HCV Replicon Cell Lines

HCV replicon cell lines (kindly provided by R. Bartenschlager) isolated from colonies as described by Lohman et al. (Lohman et al. (1999) Science 285: 110-113, expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety) and used for all experiments. One of the HCV replicon cell lines (strain Conl, genotype 1b) has the nucleic acid sequence set forth in EMBL Accession No.: AJ242651, the coding sequence of which is from nucleotides 1801 to 8406. Another replicon cell line (strain H77, genotype 1a) was constructed as described by Yi et. al. (Yi et. al. (2004) Journal of Virology 78(15):7904-15). The coding sequences of the published HCV replicons were synthesized and subsequently assembled in plasmids using standard molecular biology techniques.

One replicon cell line (“SGR 11-7”) stably expresses HCV replicon RNA, genotype 1b, which consists of (i) the HCV 5′UTR fused to the first 12 amino acids of the capsid protein, (ii) the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo), and (iii) the IRES from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and (iv) HCV NS2 to NS5B genes and the HCV 3′UTR. Another replicon cell line (“Huh-1a7”) described by Yi et. al. (Yi et. al. (2004) Journal of Virology 78(15):7904-15, expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety) stably expresses HCV replicon RNA, genotype 1a, which consists of (i) the HCV 5′UTR fused to the first 12 amino acids of the capsid protein, (ii) the HIV tat protein, (iii) the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo), and (iv) the IRES from encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and (vi) HCV NS3 to NS5B genes that harbor cell culture adaptive mutations (Q1067R, K1691R, S2204I) and the HCV 3′UTR.

These cell lines are maintained at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 100% relative humidity in DMEM (Cat#11965-084, Invitrogen), with 10% fetal calf serum (“FCS”, Invitrogen), 1% non-essential amino acids (Invitrogen), 1% of Glutamax (Invitrogen), 1% of 100× penicillin/streptomycin (Cat#15140-122, Invitrogen) and Geneticin (Cat#10131-027, Invitrogen) at 0.75 mg/ml or 0.25 mg/ml for 11-7 and Huh-1a7 cells, respectively.

2. HCV Replicon Assay—qRT-PCR.

EC₅₀ values of single agent compounds were determined by HCV RNA detection using quantitative RT-PCR, according to the manufacturer's instructions, with a TAQMAN® One-Step RT-PCR Master Mix Reagents Kit (Cat#AB 4309169, Applied Biosystems) on an ABI Model 7500 thermocycler. EC₅₀ values of combinations are similarly determined by HCV RNA detection using quantitative RT-PCR. The TAQMAN primers to use for detecting and quantifying HCV RNA obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies. HCV RNA is normalized to GAPDH RNA levels in drug-treated cells, which is detected and quantified using the Human GAPDH Endogenous Control Mix (Applied Biosystems, AB 4310884E). Total cellular RNA is purified from 96-well plates using the RNAqueous 96 kit (Ambion, Cat#AM1812). Chemical agent cytotoxicity is evaluated using an MTS assay according to the manufacturer's directions (Promega).

The compounds of the present invention can be effective against the HCV 1a and 1b genotypes. It should also be understood that the compounds of the present invention can inhibit multiple genotypes of HCV. In one embodiment, compounds of the present invention are active against the 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, and 5a genotypes. Table 5 shows the EC₅₀ values of representative compounds of the present invention against the HCV 1a and 1b genotypes from the above described qRT-PCR. EC₅₀ ranges against HCV 1a are as follows: A>1 μM; B 0.1-1 μM; C<0.1 μM.

TABLE 5 Genotype-1a replicon EC₅₀ Example 1a EC₅₀ 1 B

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound represented by Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof:

wherein: R₁ is selected from the group consisting of: 1) Hydrogen; 2) R₆; where R₆ is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, hydroxy protecting group, —C(O)R₇, —C(O)OR₇, and —C(O)NR_(8a)R_(8b); wherein R₇ is selected from the group consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; R_(8a) and R_(8b) are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen and R₇; or alternatively R_(8a) and R_(8b) taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclic ring; 3) —P(O)(OR_(7a))(OR_(7b)); wherein R_(7a) and R_(7b) are each independently selected from the group consisting of a) hydrogen; b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; 4) —P(O)(OR_(7a))—O—P(O)(OR_(7b))(OR_(7c)); wherein R_(7a) and R_(7b) are previously defined; R_(7c) is selected from the group consisting of a) hydrogen; b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; 5) —P(O)(OR_(7a))—O—P(O)(OR_(7b))—O—P(O)(OR_(7c))(OR_(7d)); wherein R_(7a), R_(7b) and R_(7c) are previously defined; R_(7d) is selected from the group consisting of a) hydrogen; b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; 6)

 where X is O or S; R₉ is R₇ wherein R₇ is previously defined; R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a) hydrogen; b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; c) R₁₁ is hydrogen, R₁₂ and R₁₀ taken together with the nitrogen which R₁₀ is attached to form a heterocyclic ring; d) R₁₁ and R₁₂ taken together with the carbon which they are attached form a ring; R₁₃ is hydrogen or R₇, wherein R₇ is previously defined; and 7)

 where X is O or S; n is 1-4; R_(8a) and R_(8b) are as previously defined; R₁₄ is hydrogen or —(CO)—R₇, wherein R₇ is as previously defined; 8) Or, R₁ and R₃ are taken together to form

 where X is O or S; and R₁₅ is is selected from the group consisting of a) hydrogen; b) unsubstituted or substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; c) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl; d) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl; e) substituted or unsubstituted aryl; f) substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; R_(2a) at each occurrence is selected from the group consisting of: 1) hydrogen; 2) halogen; 3) Substituted or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; 4) Substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl; and 5) Substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl; R_(2b) and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of: 1) hydrogen; 2) halogen; 3) —CN; 4) —N₃; and 5) OR₉; R₉ at each occurrence is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, hydroxy protecting group, R₁₀, —C(O)R₁₀, —C(O)OR₁₀, and —C(O)NR_(11a)R_(11b); wherein R₁₀ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of: substituted or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic; R_(11a) and R_(11b) at each occurrence are each independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen and R₁₀; or alternatively R_(11a) and R_(11b) taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclic ring; R₃ is R₆; wherein R₆ is as previously defined; R_(5a) and R_(5b) are independently selected from the group consisting of: 1) hydrogen; 2) substituted or unsubstituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; 3) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl; and 4) substituted or unsubstituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl; or R_(5a) and R_(5b) are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a group selected from —C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, —C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl, or —C₃-C₈ cycloalkynyl.
 2. A compound of claim 1 represented by Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof:

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₃, R, R_(5a) and R_(5b) are as previously defined.
 3. A compound of claim 1 represented by Formula III or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof:

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₄, R_(5a), R_(5b), and R₇ are as previously defined.
 4. A compound of claim 1 represented by Formula IV or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof:

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₃, R₄, R_(5a), R_(5b), R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are as previously defined. X is O or S.
 5. A compound of claim 1 represented by Formula V or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof:

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₃, R₄, R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(8a), R_(8b), and R₁₄ are as previously defined. X is O or S. n is 1˜4.
 6. A compound of claim 1 represented by Formula VI or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, stereoisomer, tautomer, solvate, or combination thereof:

wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R_(5a), R_(5b), and R₁₅ are as previously defined. X is O or S.
 7. A compound according to claim 1 as set forth in any of Tables 1˜Table 4 which is selected from compounds of Formula VII˜Formula X; Compounds in Table 1 were illustrated according to Formula VII wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are delineated for each example in Table 1;

TABLE 1 Example R_(2a) R_(2b) R₉ R₁₁ R₁₂ R₁₃  1 Me OH Ph Me H iPr  2 Me OH Ph Me H Me  3 Me OH Ph Me H Et  4 Me OH Ph Me H Bn  5 Me OH Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  6 Me F Ph Me H iPr  7 Me F Ph Me H Me  8 Me F Ph Me H Et  9 Me F Ph Me H Bn  10 Me F Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  11 Me OH Ph H H iPr  12 Me OH Ph H H Me  13 Me OH Ph H H Et  14 Me OH Ph H H Bn  15 Me OH Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  16 Me F Ph H H iPr  17 Me F Ph H H Me  18 Me F Ph H H Et  19 Me F Ph H H Bn  20 Me F Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  21 Me OH Ph iPr H iPr  22 Me OH Ph iPr H Me  23 Me OH Ph iPr H Et  24 Me OH Ph iPr H Bn  25 Me OH Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  26 Me F Ph iPr H iPr  27 Me F Ph iPr H Me  28 Me F Ph iPr H Et  29 Me F Ph iPr H Bn  30 Me F Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  31 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr  32 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me  33 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et  34 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn  35 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  36 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr  37 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me  38 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et  39 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn  40 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  41 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H iPr  42 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Me  43 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Et  44 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Bn  45 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  46 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H iPr  47 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Me  48 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Et  49 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Bn  50 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  51 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr  52 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Me  53 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Et  54 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn  55 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  56 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr  57 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Me  58 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Et  59 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn  60 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  61 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H iPr  62 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Me  63 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Et  64 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Bn  65 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  66 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H iPr  67 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Me  68 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Et  69 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Bn  70 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  71 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr  72 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me  73 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et  74 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn  75 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  76 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr  77 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me  78 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et  79 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn  80 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  81 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr  82 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me  83 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et  84 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn  85 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  86 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr  87 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me  88 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et  89 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn  90 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  91 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr  92 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me  93 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et  94 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn  95 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂  96 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr  97 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me  98 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et  99 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 100 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 101 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 102 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 103 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 104 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 105 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 106 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 107 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 108 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 109 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 110 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 111 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 112 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Me 113 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Et 114 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 115 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 116 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 117 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Me 118 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Et 119 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 120 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 121 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 122 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 123 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 124 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 125 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 126 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 127 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 128 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 129 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 130 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 131 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 132 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 133 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 134 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 135 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 136 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 137 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 138 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 139 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 140 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 141 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 142 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 143 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 144 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 145 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 146 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 147 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 148 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 149 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 150 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 151 Me OH iPr Me H iPr 152 Me OH iPr Me H Me 153 Me OH iPr Me H Et 154 Me OH iPr Me H Bn 155 Me OH iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 156 Me F iPr Me H iPr 157 Me F iPr Me H Me 158 Me F iPr Me H Et 159 Me F iPr Me H Bn 160 Me F iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 161 Me OH iPr H H iPr 162 Me OH iPr H H Me 163 Me OH iPr H H Et 164 Me OH iPr H H Bn 165 Me OH iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 166 Me F iPr H H iPr 167 Me F iPr H H Me 168 Me F iPr H H Et 169 Me F iPr H H Bn 170 Me F iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 171 Me OH iPr iPr H iPr 172 Me OH iPr iPr H Me 173 Me OH iPr iPr H Et 174 Me OH iPr iPr H Bn 175 Me OH iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 176 Me F iPr iPr H iPr 177 Me F iPr iPr H Me 178 Me F iPr iPr H Et 179 Me F iPr iPr H Bn 180 Me F iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 181 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 182 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 183 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 184 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 185 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 186 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 187 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 188 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 189 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 190 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 191 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 192 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Me 193 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Et 194 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 195 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 196 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 197 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Me 198 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Et 199 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 200 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂

Compounds in Table 2 were illustrated according to Formula VIII, wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are delineated for each example in Table 2;

TABLE 2 Example R_(2a) R_(2b) R₉ R₁₁ R₁₂ R₁₃ 201 Me OH Ph Me H iPr 202 Me OH Ph Me H Me 203 Me OH Ph Me H Et 204 Me OH Ph Me H Bn 205 Me OH Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 206 Me F Ph Me H iPr 207 Me F Ph Me H Me 208 Me F Ph Me H Et 209 Me F Ph Me H Bn 210 Me F Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 211 Me OH Ph H H iPr 212 Me OH Ph H H Me 213 Me OH Ph H H Et 214 Me OH Ph H H Bn 215 Me OH Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 216 Me F Ph H H iPr 217 Me F Ph H H Me 218 Me F Ph H H Et 219 Me F Ph H H Bn 220 Me F Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 221 Me OH Ph iPr H iPr 222 Me OH Ph iPr H Me 223 Me OH Ph iPr H Et 224 Me OH Ph iPr H Bn 225 Me OH Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 226 Me F Ph iPr H iPr 227 Me F Ph iPr H Me 228 Me F Ph iPr H Et 229 Me F Ph iPr H Bn 230 Me F Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 231 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 232 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 233 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 234 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 235 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 236 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 237 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 238 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 239 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 240 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 241 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 242 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Me 243 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Et 244 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 245 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 246 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 247 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Me 248 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Et 249 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 250 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 251 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 252 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 253 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 254 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 255 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 256 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 257 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 258 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 259 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 260 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 261 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 262 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Me 263 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Et 264 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 265 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 266 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 267 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Me 268 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Et 269 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 270 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 271 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 272 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 273 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 274 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 275 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 276 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 277 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 278 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 279 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 280 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 281 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 282 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 283 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 284 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 285 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 286 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 287 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 288 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 289 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 290 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 291 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 292 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 293 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 294 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 295 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 296 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 297 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 298 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 299 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 300 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 301 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 302 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 303 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 304 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 305 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 306 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 307 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 308 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 309 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 310 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 311 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 312 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Me 313 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Et 314 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 315 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 316 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 317 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Me 318 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Et 319 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 320 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 321 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 322 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 323 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 324 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 325 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 326 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 327 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 328 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 329 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 330 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 331 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 332 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 333 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 334 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 335 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 336 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 337 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 338 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 339 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 340 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 341 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 342 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 343 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 344 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 345 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 346 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 347 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 348 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 349 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 350 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 351 Me OH iPr Me H iPr 352 Me OH iPr Me H Me 353 Me OH iPr Me H Et 354 Me OH iPr Me H Bn 355 Me OH iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 356 Me F iPr Me H iPr 357 Me F iPr Me H Me 358 Me F iPr Me H Et 359 Me F iPr Me H Bn 360 Me F iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 361 Me OH iPr H H iPr 362 Me OH iPr H H Me 363 Me OH iPr H H Et 364 Me OH iPr H H Bn 365 Me OH iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 366 Me F iPr H H iPr 367 Me F iPr H H Me 368 Me F iPr H H Et 369 Me F iPr H H Bn 370 Me F iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 371 Me OH iPr iPr H iPr 372 Me OH iPr iPr H Me 373 Me OH iPr iPr H Et 374 Me OH iPr iPr H Bn 375 Me OH iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 376 Me F iPr iPr H iPr 377 Me F iPr iPr H Me 378 Me F iPr iPr H Et 379 Me F iPr iPr H Bn 380 Me F iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 381 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 382 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 383 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 384 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 385 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 386 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 387 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 388 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 389 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 390 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 391 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 392 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Me 393 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Et 194 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 395 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 396 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 397 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Me 398 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Et 399 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 400 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂

Compounds in Table 3 were illustrated according to Formula IX, wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, and R₁₃ are delineated for each example in Table 3;

TABLE 3 Example R_(2a) R_(2b) R₉ R₁₁ R₁₂ R₁₃ 401 Me OH Ph Me H iPr 402 Me OH Ph Me H Me 403 Me OH Ph Me H Et 404 Me OH Ph Me H Bn 405 Me OH Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 406 Me F Ph Me H iPr 407 Me F Ph Me H Me 408 Me F Ph Me H Et 409 Me F Ph Me H Bn 410 Me F Ph Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 411 Me OH Ph H H iPr 412 Me OH Ph H H Me 413 Me OH Ph H H Et 414 Me OH Ph H H Bn 415 Me OH Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 416 Me F Ph H H iPr 417 Me F Ph H H Me 418 Me F Ph H H Et 419 Me F Ph H H Bn 420 Me F Ph H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 421 Me OH Ph iPr H iPr 422 Me OH Ph iPr H Me 423 Me OH Ph iPr H Et 424 Me OH Ph iPr H Bn 425 Me OH Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 426 Me F Ph iPr H iPr 427 Me F Ph iPr H Me 428 Me F Ph iPr H Et 429 Me F Ph iPr H Bn 430 Me F Ph iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 431 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 432 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 433 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 434 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 435 Me OH Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 436 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 437 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 438 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 439 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 440 Me F Ph CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 441 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 442 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Me 443 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Et 444 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 445 Me OH Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 446 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H iPr 447 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Me 448 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Et 449 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H Bn 450 Me F Ph CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 451 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 452 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 453 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 454 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 455 Me OH 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 456 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H iPr 457 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Me 458 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Et 459 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H Bn 460 Me F 1-Naphthyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 461 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 462 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Me 463 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Et 464 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 465 Me OH 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 466 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H iPr 467 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Me 468 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Et 469 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H Bn 470 Me F 1-Naphthyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 471 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 472 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 473 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 474 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 475 Me OH 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 476 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H iPr 477 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Me 478 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Et 479 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H Bn 480 Me F 1-Naphthyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 481 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 482 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 483 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 484 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 485 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 486 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 487 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 488 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 489 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 490 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 491 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 492 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 493 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 494 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 495 Me OH 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 496 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H iPr 497 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Me 498 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Et 499 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H Bn 500 Me F 1-Naphthyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 501 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 502 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 503 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 504 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 505 Me OH p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 506 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H iPr 507 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Me 508 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Et 509 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H Bn 510 Me F p-F-Phenyl Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 511 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 512 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Me 513 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Et 514 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 515 Me OH p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 516 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H iPr 517 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Me 518 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Et 519 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H Bn 520 Me F p-F-Phenyl H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 521 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 522 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 523 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 524 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 525 Me OH p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 526 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H iPr 527 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Me 528 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Et 529 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H Bn 530 Me F p-F-Phenyl iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 531 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 532 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 533 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 534 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 535 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 536 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 537 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 538 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 539 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 540 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 541 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 542 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 543 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 544 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 545 Me OH p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 546 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H iPr 547 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Me 548 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Et 549 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H Bn 550 Me F p-F-Phenyl CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 551 Me OH iPr Me H iPr 552 Me OH iPr Me H Me 553 Me OH iPr Me H Et 554 Me OH iPr Me H Bn 555 Me OH iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 556 Me F iPr Me H iPr 557 Me F iPr Me H Me 558 Me F iPr Me H Et 559 Me F iPr Me H Bn 560 Me F iPr Me H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 561 Me OH iPr H H iPr 562 Me OH iPr H H Me 563 Me OH iPr H H Et 564 Me OH iPr H H Bn 565 Me OH iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 566 Me F iPr H H iPr 567 Me F iPr H H Me 568 Me F iPr H H Et 569 Me F iPr H H Bn 570 Me F iPr H H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 571 Me OH iPr iPr H iPr 572 Me OH iPr iPr H Me 573 Me OH iPr iPr H Et 574 Me OH iPr iPr H Bn 575 Me OH iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 576 Me F iPr iPr H iPr 577 Me F iPr iPr H Me 578 Me F iPr iPr H Et 579 Me F iPr iPr H Bn 580 Me F iPr iPr H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 581 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 582 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 583 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 584 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 585 Me OH iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 586 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H iPr 587 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Me 588 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Et 589 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H Bn 590 Me F iPr CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 591 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 592 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Me 593 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Et 594 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 595 Me OH iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ 596 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H iPr 597 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Me 598 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Et 599 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H Bn 600 Me F iPr CH₂Ph H CH₂CH(CH₃)₂

Compounds in Table 4 were illustrated according to Formula X, wherein, R_(2a), R_(2b), R_(5a), R_(5b), R_(8a), and R_(8b) are delineated for each example in Table 4;

TABLE 4         Example         R_(2a)         R_(2b)  

601 Me OH PhCH₂NH

602 Me OH PhCH₂NH

603 Me OH PhCH₂NH

604 Me OH ^(i)PrNH

605 Me OH ^(i)PrNH

606 Me OH ^(i)PrNH

607 Me OH ^(t)BuNH

608 Me OH ^(t)BuNH

609 Me OH ^(t)BuNH

610 Me OH

611 Me OH

612 Me OH

613 Me OH

614 Me OH

615 Me OH

616 Me OH

617 Me OH

618 Me OH

619 Me OH NHCH₂CO₂Et

620 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂Et

621 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂Et

622 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

623 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

624 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

625 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂H

626 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂H

627 Me OH NH CH₂CO₂H

628 Me OH NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

629 Me OH NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

630 Me OH NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

631 Me F PhCH₂NH

632 Me F PhCH₂NH

633 Me F PhCH₂NH

634 Me F ^(i)PrNH

635 Me F ^(i)PrNH

636 Me F ^(i)PrNH

637 Me F ^(t)BuNH

638 Me F ^(t)BuNH

639 Me F ^(t)BuNH

640 Me F

641 Me F

642 Me F

643 Me F

644 Me F

645 Me F

646 Me F

647 Me F

648 Me F

649 Me F NHCH₂CO₂Et

650 Me F NH CH₂CO₂Et

651 Me F NH CH₂CO₂Et

652 Me F NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

653 Me F NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

654 Me F NH CH₂CO₂ ^(t)Bu

655 Me F NH CH₂CO₂H

656 Me F NH CH₂CO₂H

657 Me F NH CH₂CO₂H

658 Me F NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

659 Me F NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂

660 Me F NH CH₂CH₂NMe₂


8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an inhibitory amount of a compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 9. A method of treating a viral infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an inhibitory amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 8. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the viral infection is hepatitis C virus.
 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising administering concurrently an additional anti-hepatitis C virus agent.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said additional anti-hepatitis C virus agent is selected from the group consisting of α-interferon, β-interferon, ribavarin, and adamantine.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said additional anti-hepatitis C virus agent is an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus helicase, polymerase, metalloprotease, or IRES.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, further comprising another anti-HCV agent.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, further comprising an agent selected from interferon, ribavirin, amantadine, another HCV protease inhibitor, an HCV polymerase inhibitor, an HCV helicase inhibitor, or an internal ribosome entry site inhibitor.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, further comprising pegylated interferon. 